fig = Figure();
ax = Axis(fig[1,1],
    xticks = 10 .^ (1:10),
    xtickformat = values -> [rich("10", superscript("$(round(Int, log10(x)))")) for x in values],
    xscale = log10,
    # ついでにminorticksも付ける
    xminorticksvisible = true,
    xminorticks = IntervalsBetween(10),
    # ついでにminorgridも付ける
    xminorgridvisible = true,
) 
xlims!(ax, 1e1, 1e10)
fig